8 insights from Old Testament on women and gender roles

The Old Testament, also known as the Hebrew Bible, is a rich repository of ancient beliefs, values, and norms.

Primarily patriarchal in nature, it depicts women in diverse roles and capacities.

Women like Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel are portrayed as matriarchs. They play significant roles within their families and tribes.

On the other hand, figures like Deborah and Esther rise to leadership positions, influencing the course of Israelite history.

This article offers an in-depth examination of these gender views, decoding their significance and relevance for today’s society. We will delve into the various portrayals of women, their roles, and the gender dynamics that permeate the Old Testament.

1. Eve’s creation: Equality from the start

Let’s roll back to the very beginning.

Genesis. The Creation story. Remember it?

Now, you might be thinking of the whole ‘Eve was made from Adam’s rib’ narrative, and how it’s often used to imply that women are somehow lesser or secondary.

But wait a minute and look at it from a different perspective.

A rib is taken from Adam’s side – not from his head to signify superiority, nor from his feet to suggest inferiority. But right from his side, indicating equality and partnership.

Interestingly, the Hebrew word used for the creation of Eve is ‘banah’, meaning built or constructed, the same term often used for building a palace or temple.

Doesn’t sound too secondary now.

This first account subtly hints at a much more equal partnership than we often give it credit for.

2. Women as matriarchs

One of the prominent themes in the Old Testament is the portrayal of women as matriarchs.

Women like Sarah, Rebekah, and Rachel are not just wives and mothers. They wield considerable influence within their families and tribes.

Their decisions shape the destiny of their descendants, impacting the narrative of Israelite history.

For instance, Sarah’s insistence on sending Hagar away changes the course for Ishmael and his lineage.

Similarly, Rebekah’s favoritism towards Jacob over Esau triggers a chain of events that culminate in the formation of the twelve tribes of Israel.

These matriarchs demonstrate strength, wisdom, and determination, often playing pivotal roles in God’s plan. They are celebrated for their faith and tenacity amidst trials.

This portrayal reflects women’s significant role within familial structures during that time, despite living in a predominantly patriarchal society.

3. Proverbs 31: Redefining the ‘Ideal Woman’

The ‘Ideal Woman’. We’ve all heard about her, haven’t we?

She’s perfect. She’s the epitome of everything a woman should be. But who decides what a woman should be, anyway?

Well, Proverbs 31 does have answers to this question.

The Proverbs 31 woman is strong, resourceful, and independent. She’s a businesswoman who provides for her family and helps those in need. She’s a woman of character, wisdom, and kindness.

But here’s the thing: she’s also real.

Yes, she’s not perfect — she’s just doing her best.

She’s juggling multiple roles and responsibilities, just like many of us today.

Proverbs 31 presents an image of a woman who is much more than just a homemaker or a submissive wife. It portrays her as a multi-dimensional individual with her own strengths and qualities.

So, when someone refers to the ‘ideal woman’ from Proverbs 31, remember:

She’s not just an ideal – she’s a reminder that women in the Old Testament were strong, capable, and multi-faceted individuals who played significant roles in their communities.

4. Women as leaders

The Old Testament also features women in leadership roles, breaking the traditional gender norms of the time.

A notable figure is Deborah, one of the Judges of Israel.

Her story, recorded in the Book of Judges, presents her as a prophetess, a military leader, and a judge. She leads the Israelites to victory against their oppressors, demonstrating courage and strategic acumen.

Then there’s Esther, a Jewish queen who uses her position to save her people from annihilation. Her bravery and wisdom are celebrated in the eponymous book of Esther.

These women leaders act with authority and decisiveness, often during critical moments in Israel’s history. They set precedents, challenging the societal expectations of their time.

Their stories serve as powerful reminders of female leadership within religious narratives, demonstrating that women in the Old Testament were not merely passive figures but active agents in shaping history.

5. Women and societal norms

How did women navigate the societal norms and expectations in the Old Testament times?

The Old Testament reflects the patriarchal society of its time.

Women are often depicted in relation to men – as wives, mothers, daughters, or sisters.

For instance, women were typically bound by laws and customs that emphasized their roles within the family and society. The Book of Leviticus and Deuteronomy lay out specific rules regarding marriage, purity, and property rights.

Yet, we also see women navigating these norms with courage and wisdom. They find ways to assert their agency within the constraints of their culture.

This portrayal offers a nuanced understanding of women’s experiences in the Old Testament era.

It shows us that even in a predominantly patriarchal society, women found ways to assert their identities and make significant contributions.

Food for thought: The Old Testament’s depiction of women not only reflects the societal norms of its time but also provides timeless lessons about resilience, faith, and courage.

6. Women as bearers of faith

In the Old Testament, women are also depicted as bearers of faith.

From Sarah’s belief in God’s promise to Hannah’s fervent prayers, women in the Old Testament demonstrate deep faith and devotion.

Their stories underscore the significance of faith in the face of adversity and uncertainty.

Here are a few examples:

• Sarah, who despite her age, believed in God’s promise of a son
• Rebekah, who trusted God’s prophecy about her twin sons
• Ruth, who chose to embrace Naomi’s God and people

These women’s faith not only shapes their individual stories but also significantly influences the overarching narrative of the Old Testament.

Through their faith, they contribute to the unfolding of God’s plan and purpose for His people.

7. Women as symbols of faithfulness and redemption

Consider the story of Ruth, a Moabite woman who chose to remain with her mother-in-law, Naomi, even in the face of deep loss and uncertainty.

Her story is a testament to loyalty, faithfulness, and redemption.

Despite being a foreigner, Ruth shows exemplary faith and devotion. Her story eventually intertwines with the lineage of King David and Jesus Christ.

Then there is the story of Rahab, a Canaanite prostitute, who protected Israelite spies due to her belief in their God.

Yes, he had a questionable profession. But Rahab is portrayed as a woman of faith. After all, her actions lead to her inclusion in the lineage of Jesus.

Let’s be honest:

Stories like these tell us that the Old Testament views on women are multifaceted. Women are not merely defined by their societal roles or familial duties.

They are also symbols of faithfulness and redemption, demonstrating that God’s grace extends beyond societal labels and norms.

8. Wisdom personified as a woman

Ever noticed how wisdom is personified in the Old Testament?

Proverbs, Psalms, Job… they all depict wisdom as a woman. She’s portrayed as an influential, guiding force that leads people to truth and righteousness.

Why is this significant?

Because it shows that the Old Testament acknowledges and values the feminine aspect of God’s creation. It emphasizes the importance of wisdom and understanding – traits often associated with women in biblical texts.

This depiction of wisdom as a woman is not a mere literary device.

It’s a powerful statement about the role and value of women in the Old Testament. It’s a recognition of their inherent worth and contribution to society.

So, remember this:

When it comes to understanding women and gender roles in the Old Testament, it’s not just about the notable female figures or their narratives.

It’s also about recognizing the subtle yet significant ways in which femininity is valued and celebrated.

Why do these views matter today?

The Old Testament’s views on women and gender roles provide valuable insights into the cultural, societal, and religious dynamics of ancient times.

However, their relevance extends beyond historical understanding.

These portrayals of women – as matriarchs, leaders, advocates for justice, bearers of faith, instruments of God’s plan, and symbols of faithfulness and redemption – resonate with us today.

They challenge us to look beyond societal norms and expectations, to recognize the strength, courage, and resilience inherent in these biblical characters.

These stories encourage us to reflect on our own faith journey. They remind us that God can work through anyone, irrespective of their gender or societal status.